Marxist Theories Example: Lenin Imperialism also arises because increased concentration of wealth leads to undeconsumption. However, since the state represents the capitalist interest it is not possible to reduce underconsumption effectively through liberal strategies. Both strategies involve taking away money from the bourgeoisie and Marx and Lenin did not view this strategy as possible. Ultimately, according to Lenin, the world would be completely divided up and the rich countries would then fight over the redivision of the world.
This analysis served as his explanation for World War I. Social-Psychological Theories Example: Schumpeter Imperialism is objectless expansion, a pattern simply learned from the behavior of other nations and institutionalized into the domestic political processes of a state by a "warrior" class.
This warrior class is created because of the need for defense, but, over time, the class will manufacture reasons to perpetuate its existence, usually through manipulation of crises. These theories have been updated and modified by theorists who see an alliance between the warrior class and corporate interests. Most commonly this alliance is referred to as a "military-industrial complex" a phrase coined by US President Eisenhower in his farewell Address to the American people:.
The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes.
We should take nothing for granted. In contrast to the earlier, colonial era, globalization is characterized by the decay of national boundaries and state institutions in favor of transnational economic activity. Others see the structure of the global political hierarchy, as well as the patterns of economic growth and development where some countries have grown fabulously rich while others have largely languished, or been exploited for low-level labor as roughly similar to that achieved in the high imperialist era of the s.
The beginning of the steady decline in the British empire. Most become. Before the revolution, Cuba had been largely a U. Late s : Alongside the emergence of the counter-culture in the U. The main purpose of this organization was to abolish slavery, educate African Americans, advocate for racial equality, and promote Christian values. Its members and leaders were both black and white and chiefly affiliated with Congregationalist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches.
Among its efforts was the founding of antislavery churches. For instance, the abolitionist Owen Lovejoy was among the Congregational ministers of the AMA who helped plant antislavery churches in Illinois before the American Civil War, aided by the strong westward migration of individuals from the East. While the AMA became notable in the United States for its work in opposition to slavery and in support of education for freed men, it also worked in missions in numerous nations overseas.
The nineteenth-century missionary effort was strong in China and east Asia. While the Social Gospel was short-lived historically, it had a lasting impact on the policies of most of the mainline denominations in the United States. Most began programs for social reform, which led to ecumenical cooperation in during the formation of the Federal Council of Churches although cooperation regarding social issues often led to charges of Socialism. Johnson to transform social problems into moral problems.
This helps explain his longtime commitment to social justice, as exemplified by the Great Society, and his commitment to racial equality. The Social Gospel explicitly inspired his foreign-policy approach of a sort of Christian internationalism and nation building. The Open Door Policy aimed to keep the Chinese trade market open to all countries on an equal basis. The policy proposed to keep China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis, keeping any one power from total control of the country, and calling upon all powers, within their spheres of influence, to refrain from interfering with any treaty port or any vested interest, to permit Chinese authorities to collect tariffs on an equal basis, and to show no favors to their own nationals in the matter of harbor dues or railroad charges.
The Open Door policy was rooted in the desire of U. In practice, the policy had little legal standing; it was mainly used to mediate competing interests of the colonial powers without much meaningful input from the Chinese, which created lingering resentment and caused it to be seen later as a symbol of national humiliation by many Chinese historians.
After winning the Spanish-American War of , and with the newly acquired territory of the Philippine Islands, the United States increased its Asian presence and was expecting to further its commercial and political interest in China.
On September 6, , U. Secretary of State John Hay sent notes to the major powers France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Japan, and Russia , asking them to declare formally that they would uphold Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and would not interfere with the free use of the treaty ports within their spheres of influence in China.
The Open Door Policy stated that all nations, including the United States, could enjoy equal access to the Chinese market. However, by July , Hay announced that each of the powers had granted consent in principle. Although treaties made after refer to the Open Door Policy, competition among the various powers for special concessions within China for railroad rights, mining rights, loans, foreign trade ports, and so forth, continued unabated.
The Monroe Doctrine was a U. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U. At the same time, the doctrine noted that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries.
The Doctrine was issued in at a time when nearly all Latin American colonies of Spain and Portugal had achieved, or were at the point of gaining, independence from the Portuguese and Spanish Empires. Monroe Doctrine : A newspaper cartoon about the Monroe Doctrine. It would be invoked by many U. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan, and many others. The intent and impact of the Monroe Doctrine persisted with only minor variations for more than a century.
Its stated objective was to free the newly independent colonies of Latin America from European intervention and avoid situations that could make the New World a battleground for the Old World powers, so that the United States could exert its own influence undisturbed. The doctrine asserted that the New World and the Old World were to remain distinctly separate spheres of influence, for they were composed of entirely separate and independent nations. Inherent in the Monroe Doctrine are the themes of American exceptionalism and Manifest Destiny, two ideas that refer to the right of the United States to exert its influence over the rest of the world.
Under these conditions, the Monroe Doctrine was used to justify American intervention abroad multiple times throughout the nineteenth century, most notably in the Spanish-American War and with the annexation of Hawaii. The Philippine-American War was an armed conflict that resulted in American colonial rule of the Philippines until Fighting erupted between U.
The war officially ended on July 2, , with a victory for the United States. However, some Philippine groups led by veterans of the Katipunan continued to battle the American forces. Other groups, including the Moro people and Pulahanes people, continued hostilities in remote areas and islands until their final defeat a decade later at the Battle of Bud Bagsak on June 15, Filipino soldiers : Filipino soldiers outside Manila in The war with and occupation by the United States would change the cultural landscape of the islands.
The war resulted in an estimated 34, to , Philippine casualties with more civilians dying from disease and hunger brought about by war ; the disestablishment of the Roman Catholic Church as the state religion; and the introduction of the English language in the islands as the primary language of government, education, business, and industry, and increasingly in future decades, of families and educated individuals.
Congress, Filipinos initially were given very limited self-government, including the right to vote for some elected officials such as a Philippine Assembly.
The Philippine Independence Act created in the following year the Commonwealth of the Philippines, a limited form of independence, and established a process ending in Philippine independence originally scheduled for , but interrupted and delayed by World War II. Anti-imperialist movements claimed that the United States had become a colonial power by replacing Spain as the colonial power in the Philippines. Other anti-imperialists opposed annexation on racist grounds.
Among these was Senator Benjamin Tillman of South Carolina, who feared that annexation of the Philippines would lead to an influx of nonwhite immigrants into the United States. As news of atrocities committed in subduing the Philippines arrived in the United States, support for the war flagged. The Banana Wars were a series of U. The series of conflicts ended with the withdrawal of troops from Haiti in under President Franklin D.
Reasons for these conflicts were varied but were largely economic in nature. Most prominently, the United Fruit Company had significant financial stakes in the production of bananas, tobacco, sugar cane, and various other products throughout the Caribbean, Central America, and northern South America. The United States also was advancing its political interests, maintaining a sphere of influence and controlling the Panama Canal, which it had recently built and which was critically important to global trade and naval power.
In , Ferdinand de Lesseps started work on a canal, but by , the effort had experienced engineering challenges caused by frequent landslides, slippage of equipment, and mud, and resulted in bankruptcy. During the war, Panamanian Liberals made at least three attempts to seize control of Panama and potentially achieve full autonomy.
Liberal guerrillas such as Belisario Porras and Victoriano Lorenzo were suppressed by a collaboration between conservative Colombian and U. The Roosevelt administration proposed to Colombia that the United States should control the canal, but by mid, the Colombian government refused. The United States then changed tactics. Secretary of State John Hay.
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