These insects pollinate the flowers which can then produce between three and seven thousand seeds. When the average number of flowers per bush is taken into account, each bush can produce several million seeds every year.
The seeds produced are then spread by either wind or water, and they can be carried up to meters away from the bush. These seeds are a very important part to the success of Rhododendron ponticum.
Since the flowers produce so many seeds, it helps the species to quickly spread and succeed. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Front Plant Sci v. Front Plant Sci. Published online Jan Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. This article was submitted to Evolutionary and Population Genetics, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science.
Received Aug 29; Accepted Jan 9. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
Abstract Rhododendron longipedicellatum is a narrow endemic species and a subject of urgent demand in the domestic market and overseas. Keywords: limestone habitat, special threatened plant, flowering biology, reflectance spectrum, breeding system, pollination biology, Rhododendron.
Introduction Reproduction is not only the most important and a relatively fragile step in the life cycle of plants but also the core of their evolutionary process. Open in a separate window. The Biological Characteristics of R. Detection of Pollen Viability and Stigma Receptivity Detection of pollen viability 1 Dynamic changes in pollen viability on the first day of anthesis.
Detection of stigma receptivity The above 45 flowers were used as materials. Flower Petal Reflectance An S miniature fiber-optic spectrometer with a PX-2 pulsed xenon lamp Ocean Optics, Dunedin, FL, United States was used to conduct spectral measurement of 36 mature petals from 12 different individuals, 3 flowers per individual, one petal per flower , with a wavelength range of — nm.
The Breeding System of R. Hand Pollination Treatments To further evaluate the breeding system of R. The Pollination Biology of R. Data Analysis The one-sample Kolmogorov—Smirnov statistic was used to detect whether the data conformed to the normal distribution Qu et al. Table 1 Measurements of morphological flower characters of Rhododendron longipedicellatum. CV, coefficient of variation.
Pollen Viability and Stigma Receptivity of R. Petal Color Reflection of R. Hand Pollination of R. Table 2 Fruit set of Rhododendron longipedicellatum under different pollination treatments.
Table 3 Insects observed visiting flowers of Rhododendron longipedicellatum. Discussion Floral Traits, Pollen Viability, and Stigma Receptivity Flower color is one of the most important ornamental characteristics for rhododendrons.
Flower Petal Reflectance The reflected light of petals could also act as a signal for attracting potential pollinators Dyer et al. Breeding System Breeding system is a manifestation of the interaction between the internal genetic mechanisms of plants and the external environment, which plays an important role in the process of evolution and feature variation in plants Grant, Specialized Pollinators Bumblebees can carry large amounts of pollen securely due to their large bodies.
Visitation Frequency During the observation of pollinating insects, no significant difference was found between the two populations based on weather conditions, but the visitation frequency of B.
Conservation Implications In southwestern regions of China many species of Rhododendron especially those grow at low altitude face increasing threats due to anthropogenic activities and habitat degradation Ma et al. Conclusion Rhododendron longipedicellatum can attract pollinating insects to achieve successful reproduction with its gilvous flowers, unusual flowering time, distinctive light reflection patterns, strong pollen viability, and high output of pollen and nectar.
Conflict of Interest Statement The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments The authors sincerely thank Mr. Footnotes Funding. References Alcock J. Male behaviour in two bumblebees, Bombus nevudensis auricomus and B. Flowering characteristics and breeding system of Rhododendron siderophyllum. West China For. Rhododendron longipedicellatum Ericaceae , a new species from Southeastern Yunnan, China. Phytotaxa — Edinburgh: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh; Pollen-ovule ratios: a conservative indicator of breeding systems in flowering plants.
Evolution 31 32— Pollination Ecology: A Practical Approach. The pollination ecology of Zenobia Ericaceae. Parallel evolution of angiosperm colour signals: common evolutionary pressures linked to hymenopteran vision. B Biol. Reproduction in flame azalea Rhododendron calendulaceum , Ericaceae : a rare case of insect wing pollination. Breeding system in an alpine species: Rhododendron ferrugineum L. Ericaceae in the French northern Alps. Pollination effectiveness and pollen dispersal in a Rhododendron ferrugineum Ericaceae population.
Plant Biol. Beijing: Science Press; — Pollination syndromes and floral specialization. Insect Pollination of Crops. Floral color variation and associations with fitness-related traits in Malva moschata Malvaceae.
Plant Species Biol. Discrimination of coloured stimuli by honeybees: alternative use of achromatic and chromatic signals. A — Detection of coloured stimuli by honeybees: minimum visual angles and receptor specific contrasts. Plant Speciation.
Advances in pollination biology. Movements of male and worker bumblebees on and between flowers. Oikos 62 — Flower-insect visitor interaction: case study on Rhododendron inundatum Sleumer in Bali Botanic Garden. Research progress of Rhododendron breeding. Acta Hortic. Comparison of genetic diversities in native and alien populations of hoary mustard Hirschfeldia incana L. Plant Sci. Pigments composition of petals and floral color change during the blooming period in Rhododendron mucronulatum.
The conservation of Rhododendrons is of greater urgency than has been previously acknowledged in China. Growth discrepancy between filament and style facilitates autonomous self-fertilization in Hedychium yunnanense Zingiberaceae.
Plant Ecol. Plant Divers. Strong reproductive isolation despite occasional hybridization between a widely distributed and a narrow endemic Rhododendron species.
Anomalous embryo sac development and fruit abortion caused by inbreeding depression in almond Prunus dulcis. Step 1: Take a coleus cutting. Take a cutting from a mature coleus plant: Look for stems that are 4 to 6 inches in length.
Step 2: Remove extra leaves. Remove the lower leaves, leaving the top set of four leaves. Step 3: Put coleus cuttings in water. Step 4: Watch the coleus root. Step 5: Plant rooted cuttings. Karlo Camarasa Teacher. How do you air layer a rhododendron? Do not remove plastic until roots fill layered area, then cut off carefully below roots. Plant in a soil mixture similar to that outlined in part 1 of this series. Air layering can be used outside at most times of the year to propagate rhododendrons and many hard to root plants.
Vilmos Matamala Teacher. How do you take cuttings from azaleas? Remove any flower buds and all except about two leaves. If the remaining leaves are large, cut them in half to reduce moisture loss and to allow the cuttings to fit snugly in the propagating pot. Dip the stems into a rooting hormone such as Clonex to increase the strike rate. Abdennaceur Lasca Teacher. How do you collect rhododendron seeds? How to Collect Rhododendron Seeds. Wait until fall approaches before collecting rhododendron seeds.
Collect the seed pods that protrude from the center of the flower by grasping them and breaking them off. Check your envelope in a few weeks to see if the pod has broken open, releasing the seeds. Houcein Chomsky Reviewer. Can you root azaleas in water? Can You Root Azaleas in Water? While some plants may be rooted by placing a stem in a glass of water , azalea isn't one of them. Although azalea can be propagated by a variety of methods, azalea , like most woody plants, needs soil in order to develop roots.
Erma Odam Reviewer. Can you grow rhododendrons from seed? Cut two 1-inch long slivers near the bottom of the cutting to create wounds that will encourage root growth.
The wounds only have to be deep enough to expose the inner wood of the cutting and should be on opposite sides of the cutting. Place the cutting in the sanitizing solution for two to three seconds, then remove it and place it on a sheet of paper to drain. If preparing multiple cuttings, sanitize each one individually. Dip the wounded end of the cutting into a rooting hormone powder designed for hardwoods.
A thin layer of powder should cling to the cutting and cover the wounds you made. Make a hole into the rooting substrate you previously placed in your sanitized pot and insert the cutting. If you don't make the hole before placing the cutting, the rooting hormone could come off the cutting. After all cuttings have been placed, water around them and cover the pot with a clear plastic bag.
Secure the bag using a rubber band so that no moisture can escape along the sides of the pot.
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