Hydrogen has only 1 valence electron whereas Chlorine has 7 valence electrons. To satisfy the Octet Rule, each atom gives out 1 electron to share with each other; thus making a single bond. A Double bond is when two atoms share two pairs of electrons with each other.
It is depicted by two horizontal lines between two atoms in a molecule. This type of bond is much stronger than a single bond, but less stable; this is due to its greater amount of reactivity compared to a single bond. Below is a Lewis dot structure of Carbon dioxide demonstrating a double bond. As you can see from the picture below, Carbon dioxide has a total of 1 Carbon atom and 2 Oxygen atoms. Each Oxygen atom has 6 valence electrons whereas the Carbon atom only has 4 valence electrons.
To satisfy the Octet Rule, Carbon needs 4 more valence electrons. Since each Oxygen atom has 3 lone pairs of electrons, they can each share 1 pair of electrons with Carbon; as a result, filling Carbon's outer valence shell Satisfying the Octet Rule. A Triple bond is when three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms in a molecule. It is the least stable out of the three general types of covalent bonds. It is very vulnerable to electron thieves! Below is a Lewis dot structure of Acetylene demonstrating a triple bond.
As you can see from the picture below, Acetylene has a total of 2 Carbon atoms and 2 Hydrogen atoms. Each Hydrogen atom has 1 valence electron whereas each Carbon atom has 4 valence electrons. Each Carbon needs 4 more electrons and each Hydrogen needs 1 more electron. Hydrogen shares its only electron with Carbon to get a full valence shell. Now Carbon has 5 electrons. Because each Carbon atom has 5 electrons single bond and 3 unpaired electrons--the two Carbons can share their unpaired electrons, forming a triple bond.
Now all the atoms are happy with their full outer valence shell. A Polar Covalent Bond is created when the shared electrons between atoms are not equally shared. This occurs when one atom has a higher electronegativity than the atom it is sharing with.
The atom with the higher electronegativity will have a stronger pull for electrons Similiar to a Tug-O-War game, whoever is stronger usually wins. As a result, the shared electrons will be closer to the atom with the higher electronegativity, making it unequally shared. A polar covalent bond will result in the molecule having a slightly positive side the side containing the atom with a lower electronegativity and a slightly negative side containing the atom with the higher electronegativity because the shared electrons will be displaced toward the atom with the higher electronegativity.
As a result of polar covalent bonds, the covalent compound that forms will have an electrostatic potential. This potential will make the resulting molecule slightly polar, allowing it to form weak bonds with other polar molecules. One example of molecules forming weak bonds with each other as a result of an unbalanced electrostatic potential is hydrogen bonding , where a hydrogen atom will interact with an electronegative hydrogen, fluorine, or oxygen atom from another molecule or chemical group.
As you can see from the picture above, Oxygen is the big buff creature with the tattoo of "O" on its arm. The little bunny represents a Hydrogen atom. The blue and red bow tied in the middle of the rope, pulled by the two creatures represents--the shared pair of electrons--a single bond. Because the Hydrogen atom is weaker, the shared pair of electrons will be pulled closer to the Oxygen atom. A small molecule contains only a few atoms, so atoms and small molecules have a similar range of sizes.
They are very small, typically around 0. Individual atoms and molecules are too small to see even with the most powerful light microscope. Some electron microscopes can produce images of atoms and simple molecules. A water molecule, H 2 O, is about 0.
The chemical formula of a substance with small molecules shows the number of atoms of each element in one molecule of the substance. State the number of atoms of each type in one molecule of methane, CH 4. A methane molecule is made up of one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen.
State the number and type of atoms in one molecule of chlorine, Cl 2. A chlorine molecule is made up of two chlorine atoms. The hydrogen atom is now in contact with two electrons in its outer shell, so it is also stable. Both nuclei are strongly attracted to the shared pair of electrons in the covalent bond, so covalent bonds are very strong and require a lot of energy to break. Atoms may form multiple covalent bonds - they share not just one pair of electrons but two or more pairs.
Atoms of different elements will form either one, two, three or four covalent bonds with other atoms. There is a quick way to work out how many covalent bonds an element will form.
The number of covalent bonds is equal to eight minus the group number.
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