Writing a dissertation is difficult. The "be" verb is also sometimes referred to as a copula or a linking verb. It links the subject, in this case "writing a dissertation," to the complement or the predicate of the sentence, in this case, "hard. Diligent describes the student and appears before the noun student. It can be difficult to balance time to study and work responsibilities.
Difficult is placed after the to be verb and describes what it is like to balance time. He completed the course enthusiastically. Enthusiastically describes how he completed the course and answers the how question. Steven recently enrolled in the Graduate Certificate in Communication program at Walden. Recently modifies the verb enroll and answers the when question. Then, I verified that most of my sources were peer-reviewed.
Then describes and modifies the entire sentence. See this link on transitions for more examples of conjunctive adverbs adverbs that join one idea to another to improve the cohesion of the writing.
Pronoun This word substitutes for a noun or a noun phrase e. Smith interviewed the applicants as they arrived. Jones published her book in The book was very popular.
Preposition This comes before a noun or a noun phrase and links it to other parts of the sentence. I chose to interview teachers in the district closest to me. The recorder was placed next to the interviewee. I stopped the recording in the middle of the interview due to a low battery. Conjunction A word that joins two clauses. The results were not significant, so the alternative hypothesis was accepted. Although the results seem promising, more research must be conducted in this area.
Auxiliary Verbs Helping verbs. They are used to build up complete verbs. Primary auxiliary verbs be, have, do show the progressive, passive, perfect, and negative verb tenses. Modal auxiliary verbs can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would show a variety of meanings.
They represent ability, permission, necessity, and degree of certainty. These are always followed by the simple form of the verb. Semimodal auxiliary verbs e. Researchers have investigated this issue for some time. However, the cause of the problem has not been determined. The modal could shows ability, and the verb conduct stays in its simple form; the modal may shows degree of certainty, and the verb lead stays in its simple form. Future researchers are going to delve more into this topic.
They are about to make a breakthrough discovery. These semimodals are followed by the simple form of the verb. Many witches refer to the Renaissance as the Burning Times. The Diary of Anne Frank is often a child's first introduction to the history of the Holocaust. Concrete Nouns A concrete noun is a noun which names anything or anyone that you can perceive through your physical senses: touch, sight, taste, hearing, or smell.
The highlighted words in the following sentences are all concrete nouns: The judge handed the files to the clerk. Whenever they take the dog to the beach , it spends hours chasing waves.
The real estate agent urged the couple to buy the second house because it had new shingles. As the car drove past the park , the thump of a disco tune overwhelmed the string quartet's rendition of a minuet. The book binder replaced the flimsy paper cover with a sturdy, cloth-covered board. Abstract Nouns An abstract noun is a noun which names anything which you can not perceive through your five physical senses, and is the opposite of a concrete noun.
The highlighted words in the following sentences are all abstract nouns: Buying the fire extinguisher was an afterthought. Tillie is amused by people who are nostalgic about childhood. Justice often seems to slip out of our grasp. Some scientists believe that schizophrenia is transmitted genetically.
Countable Nouns A countable noun or count noun is a noun with both a singular and a plural form, and it names anything or anyone that you can count. In each of the following sentences, the highlighted words are countable nouns: We painted the table red and the chairs blue.
Since he inherited his aunt's library , Jerome spends every weekend indexing his books. Miriam found six silver dollars in the toe of a sock. The oak tree lost three branches in the hurricane. Over the course of twenty-seven years , Martha Ballad delivered just over eight hundred babies.
Non-Countable Nouns A non-countable noun or mass noun is a noun which does not have a plural form, and which refers to something that you could or would not usually count. The highlighted words in the following sentences are non-countable nouns: Joseph Priestly discovered oxygen.
The word "oxygen" cannot normally be made plural. Oxygen is essential to human life. You cannot make the noun "furniture" plural. The furniture is heaped in the middle of the room. Since "furniture" is a non-countable noun, it takes a singular verb, "is heaped.
You cannot make the non-countable noun "gravel" plural. Gravel is more expensive than I thought. Since "gravel" is a non-countable noun, it takes the singular verb form "is. In each of the following sentences, the highlighted word is a collective noun: The flock of geese spends most of its time in the pasture. The collective noun "flock" takes the singular verb "spends. Here the collective noun "committee" takes a singular verb, "meets. Personal Pronouns A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing and changes its form to indicate person, number, gender, and case.
Subjective Personal Pronouns A subjective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as the subject of the sentence. You are surely the strangest child I have ever met. He stole the selkie's skin and forced her to live with him. When she was a young woman, she earned her living as a coal miner.
After many years, they returned to their homeland. We will meet at the library at p. It is on the counter. Are you the delegates from Malagawatch? Objective Personal Pronouns An objective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as an object of a verb, compound verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase.
The pronoun "it" is the direct object of the verb "threw. Here the objective personal pronoun "us" is the direct object of the compound verb "will meet.
Here the objective personal pronoun "me" is the object of the preposition "to. Here the objective personal pronoun "her" is the object of the infinitive phrase "to see.
Here the possessive pronoun "mine" functions as a subject complement. This is yours. Here too the possessive pronoun "yours" functions as a subject complement. His is on the kitchen counter. In this example, the possessive pronoun "his" acts as the subject of the sentence. Theirs will be delivered tomorrow. In this sentence, the possessive pronoun "theirs" is the subject of the sentence. Ours is the green one on the corner. Here too the possessive pronoun "ours" function as the subject of the sentence.
Demonstrative Pronouns A demonstrative pronoun points to and identifies a noun or a pronoun. In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is a demonstrative pronoun: This must not continue. Here "this" is used as the subject of the compound verb "must not continue. Three customers wanted these. Here "these" is the direct object of the verb "wanted. The highlighted word in each of the following sentences is an interrogative pronoun: Which wants to see the dentist first?
Who wrote the novel Rockbound? Similarly "who" is the subject of the sentence. Whom do you think we should invite?
In this sentence, "whom" is the object of the verb "invite. Here the interrogative pronoun "whom " is the object of the preposition "to. In this example the interrogative pronoun "whom" is the object of the preposition "to. Here the interrogative pronoun "what" is the direct object of the verb "say.
In each of the following sentences, the highlighted word is a relative pronoun. You may invite whomever you like to the party. The relative pronoun "whomever" is the direct object of the compound verb "may invite. Here "whoever" functions as the subject of the verb "broke. The highlighted words in the following sentences are indefinite pronouns: Many were invited to the lunch but only twelve showed up.
Here "many" acts as the subject of the compound verb "were invited. In this example, "everything" acts as a subject of the compound verb "was thrown. In this sentence, "everything" is the direct object of theverb "donated. Here "each" is the object of the preposition "to. Each of the highlighted words in the following sentences is a reflexive pronoun: Diabetics give themselves insulin shots several times a day.
The Dean often does the photocopying herself so that the secretaries can do more important work. After the party, I asked myself why I had faxed invitations to everyone in my office building.
Richard usually remembered to send a copy of his e-mail to himself. Although the landlord promised to paint the apartment, we ended up doing it ourselves. Intensive Pronouns An intensive pronoun is a pronoun used to emphasise its antecedent. The highlighted words in the following sentences are intensive pronouns: I myself believe that aliens should abduct my sister.
The Prime Minister himself said that he would lower taxes. They themselves promised to come to the party even though they had a final exam at the same time. In the following examples, the highlighted words are adjectives: The truck-shaped balloon floated over the treetops. Morrison papered her kitchen walls with hideous wall paper. The small boat foundered on the wine dark sea. The coal mines are dark and dank. Many stores have already begun to play irritating Christmas music.
A battered music box sat on the mahogany sideboard. The back room was filled with large , yellow rain boots. In the sentence My husband knits intricately patterned mittens.
In the sentence Eleanor listened to the muffled sounds of the radio hidden under her pillow. Grammarians also consider articles "the," "a," "an" to be adjectives. Possessive Adjectives A possessive adjective "my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," "their" is similar or identical to a possessive pronoun; however, it is used as an adjective and modifies a noun or a noun phrase, as in the following sentences: I can't complete my assignment because I don't have the textbook.
What is your phone number. The bakery sold his favourite type of bread. We have lost our way in this wood. In many fairy tales, children are neglected by their parents. The cat chased its ball down the stairs and into the backyard. Even though my friend preferred those plates, I bought these.
Interrogative Adjectives An interrogative adjective "which" or "what" is like an interrogative pronoun, except that it modifies a noun or noun phrase rather than standing on its own see also demonstrative adjectives and possessive adjectives : Which plants should be watered twice a week?
In this example, "which" modifies "plants" and the noun phrase "which plants" is the subject of the compound verb "should be watered": What book are you reading? I will send you any mail that arrives after you have moved to Sudbury. In this example the indefinite adjective modifies the noun "goldfish" and the noun phrase is the direct object of the verb "found": The title of Kelly's favourite game is "All dogs go to heaven.
In the following examples, each of the highlighted words is an adverb: The seamstress quickly made the mourning clothes. The midwives waited patiently through a long labour. The boldly spoken words would return to haunt the rebel.
In this sentence the adverb "boldly" modifies the adjective "spoken. Here the adverb "more" modifies the adverb "expeditiously. In this example, the adverb "unfortunately" modifies the entire sentence. Conjunctive Adverbs You can use a conjunctive adverb to join two clauses together.
The highlighted words in the following sentences are conjunctive adverbs: The government has cut university budgets; consequently , class sizes have been increased. He did not have all the ingredients the recipe called for; therefore , he decided to make something else.
The report recommended several changes to the ways the corporation accounted for donations; furthermore , it suggested that a new auditor be appointed immediately. The crowd waited patiently for three hours; finally , the doors to the stadium were opened. Batman and Robin fruitlessly searched the building; indeed , the Joker had escaped through a secret door in the basement. A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence as in the following examples: The book is on the table.
The book is beneath the table. The book is leaning against the table. The book is beside the table. She held the book over the table. She read the book during class. In each of the preceding sentences, a preposition locates the noun "book" in space or in time. There was rejoicing throughout the land when the government was defeated.
The spider crawled slowly along the banister. The dog is hiding under the porch because it knows it will be punished for chewing up a new pair of shoes. You can use a conjunction to link words, phrases, and clauses, as in the following example: I ate the pizza and the pasta. Call the movers when you are ready. Co-ordinating Conjunctions You use a co-ordinating conjunction "and," "but," "or," "nor," "for," "so," or "yet" to join individual words, phrases, and independent clauses.
In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is a co-ordinating conjunction: Lilacs and violets are usually purple. In this example, the co-ordinating conjunction "and" links two nouns. This movie is particularly interesting to feminist film theorists, for the screenplay was written by Mae West. However, after a day's work wrangling it into a database I realised that there were far too many errors especially with the part-of-speech tagging for it to be viable for Word Type. Finally, I went back to Wiktionary - which I already knew about, but had been avoiding because it's not properly structured for parsing.
That's when I stumbled across the UBY project - an amazing project which needs more recognition. The researchers have parsed the whole of Wiktionary and other sources, and compiled everything into a single unified resource.
I simply extracted the Wiktionary entries and threw them into this interface! So it took a little more work than expected, but I'm happy I kept at it after the first couple of blunders.
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