The immunoglobulin formed is IgM. The primary response is of a smaller magnitude than the secondary response. After the primary response, some T and B cells mature into memory cells.
These cells act as a shortcut; when the antigen enters the body a second time all the initial steps are bypassed. This secondary response is much larger and much quicker. The main immunoglobulin is IgG. Non-specific immunity is a set of defenses effective against all the invaders while specific immunity is a highly focused and targeted response. Non-specific immunity is the first line of defense whereas specific immunity is the second line of defense.
Moreover, non-specific immunity includes effector cells like white blood cells and macrophages while specific immune response includes cells like lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells, and memory cells. Most importantly, non-specific immunity does not form a defensive memory while specific immunity does.
Immunity is categorized into two types; Specific or nonspecific immunity. Specific immunity is the production of antibodies against a particular antigen. Nonspecific immunity, on the other hand, is the immunity directed against all types of antigens without selecting a specific type. Specific immunity occurs via lymphocytes; T cells and B cells, antibodies while nonspecific immunity occurs in many ways such as inflammation, fever, skin, mucous membrane, phagocytic white blood cells, antimicrobial substances, etc.
These include enzymes, cytokines, and the complement system. For example, mucous from the respiratory tract moves toward the pharynx and esophagus where it is swallowed.
Upon reaching the digestive tract pathogens are destroyed by powerful digestive enzymes. Cytokines are a series of protein substances secreted by cells that work to destroy pathogens.
Interferons are cytokines that bind to cells causing them to produce substances that inhibit viral replication. One type of interferon can affect many types of viruses. Interferons can also activate other immune cells such as macrophages and natural killer cells. Some cytokines produce fever. Interleukin I endogenous pyrogen is a cytokine that acts as a pyrogen raises body temperature. This cytokine is released in response to toxins or pathogens and causes an increase in body temperature.
The compliment system is a series of about 20 plasma proteins. They act much like the clotting cascade in that activation of the first compliment protein causes the others to activate. Complement system responses include inflammation, phagocytosis from white blood cells attracted to the area, and attacking non-self cells. Inflammation is characterized by swelling, redness, heat and pain tumor, rubor, calor, dolor.
Inflammation is produced by tissue destruction from trauma, cuts, temperature and chemicals. Inflammation causes an increased blood flow to the damaged area. Blood brings substances for repair and the stasis of blood in the area prevents further spread of pathogens. Inflammation is primarily caused by the release of histamine and heparin from mast cells similar to basophils.
Begin your journey with Learn Immuno-Oncology. Test your knowledge and determine where to start. Combination Immunotherapies References.
Visit Healio. Your Module Progress. Module 1. Module Content. Thank you for participating in this module. An overactive immune response can lead to the development of autoimmune diseases , in which antibodies form against the body's own tissues. Innate immunity; Humoral immunity; Cellular immunity; Immunity; Inflammatory response; Acquired adaptive immunity. Properties and overview of immune responses. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; chap 1.
Bankova L, Barrett N. Innate immunity. Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice. Mechanisms of inflammation and tissue repair. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; chap Tuano KS, Chinen J. Adaptive immunity. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; chap 2. Updated by: Stuart I. Editorial team. Immune response. Examples of innate immunity include: Cough reflex Enzymes in tears and skin oils Mucus, which traps bacteria and small particles Skin Stomach acid Innate immunity also comes in a protein chemical form, called innate humoral immunity.
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell. There are B and T type lymphocytes.
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