Having evolved on Earth would explain the Yautja's ability to eat Earth plants and animals, but wouldn't explain their need for a different atmospheric composition. The therapsid identification is consistent with the combination of reptilian and mammalian traits, such as a preference for tropical temperatures and the fact that mothers often although not always have breasts that are used to feed their younglings. When operating on Earth, Yautja hunters have been consistently observed to wear masks to apparently aid in breathing.
They can, however, survive just as well without them for some time, as demonstrated by various occurrences in which the masks have been removed or lost, and the individuals continued to operate without being visibly hindered by Earth's atmosphere. It is possible that the masks may serve to filter out alien pathogens, although the fact that the Yautja have been often seen feeding on raw meat suggests that they don't have such worries.
In one case, when the City Hunter lost his mask, he used a hand-held breath mask. Conversely, when the Jungle Hunter's mask was knocked off, it was revealed that oxygen is poisonous to the Yautja and they do not survive long without their helmets in an Earth-like atmosphere. On another occasion, when a Predator leader was captured and restrained by the Human colonists of Ryushi, the doctor Miriam Revna commented that the specimen appeared to breathe a mixture of methane with traces of other common elements.
It has been claimed that a Predator nicknamed "Big Mama" can function in an Earth-like atmosphere with some difficulty, but apparently the Yautja lungs evolved in a radically different ecosystem. The air on Big Mama's ship burned Caryn Delacroix's lungs like acid, and when she set the life support on the ship for Human settings, she noted an undertaste of methane.
Later, when other people attempted to enter the ship, the methane atmosphere was confirmed. One captive member of the species was provided with a hot and humid tropical environment with a high methane-content atmosphere. In other occasions, distinct observations have been made about the Yautja's preferred atmospheric composition, suggesting that the key component might be nitrogen, rather than methane.
Although it's not easy to make sense out of these apparent discrepancies, it should be noted that there might be different subspecies of Yautja, and that the species is not above using genetic augmentation on themselves, and even combining themselves with genetic material taken from the trophies of the most dangerous life forms that they hunt; with the goal of perfecting their own biology. How widespread these hybridizing practices are is not clear, but they may possibly account for different individuals having radically different biological needs, such as atmospheric composition.
The subject of Yautja reproduction is a mystery, and although females are confirmed to exist, only a few individuals appear to be blatantly female by Human standards. In at least some Yautja cultures, the females are apparently not hunters, but are still none-the-less equals in Yautja society and mentality. The warrior Dachande "Broken Tusk" has never heard the word spoken to a female's face.
It's apparently considered a very unwise thing to do, or even consider, for an insulted and angry female is not something even a not-too-wise male would want to see. Apparently, an angered female Predator is far stronger than even an armed male.
Mating is considered pleasurable, but might be violent. One of Dachande's mates once tossed him across a room during the heat of their mating, although that was an accident. Females are known to howl in ecstasy during the act, and it is noted that there is apparently a breeding season.
Additionally, some of the females have milk glands of some sort, confirming their mammal-like nature. Dachande was not able to recognize a Human female until he saw her breasts. The children are referred to as "suckers". A female individual called "Big Mama" was shown to be actively hunting; she beared only a little distinction from male individuals, both physically and clothing-wise; notable differentiation include more colored crest and dreadlocks; she has shown to be extremely protective and caring of her progeny and an elite huntress.
Some Yautja clans display a distinctly tribal structure, including several females and infants living alongside the males. A female named Vagouti accompanied her husband on a hunting trip to Earth. It's been noted that she seems to be more calculative and hesitant to make an attack compared to her partner.
Not much is known about the Yautja skeletal structure, as their remains are hard to come across and a full skeleton has never been seen, as far as it's known. The blueprint of what makes a Predator, who will all come to be revealed as members of the alien race called the Yautja, begin with the Jungle Predator. It's believed the Jungle Hunter had been using the Val Verde jungle as his hunting ground for years before Dutch and his crew arrived, meaning the Jungle Hunter had plenty of time to refine his hunting skills.
He quickly earned the moniker " El Diablo que hace trofeos de los hombres " " The demon who makes trophies of men " from locals because of his stealthiness and killing techniques. Predator also introduces Yautja hunting accessories like the Bio-Mask, which detect body heat in the dark and have the ability to record and send information back to the Yautja's home plant of Yautja Prime.
The Jungle Hunter also reveals what makes himself and the other Predators so special: they have the ability to camouflage and they naturally have infrared vision. The Jungle Hunter's Bio-Mask recordings were seen by the City Hunter, inspiring him to then travel to Earth to do a little hunting of his own. Although he lands with a crew of other Predators, he's the only one to leave the ship and make use of Los Angeles as a prime hunting ground.
The City Hunter is seen actively hunting during the day and night, taking advantage of an existing turf war between two cartels and picking off members from each group. He also makes a prime target out of Harrigan, whom he considers a warrior, and proceeds to engage in a game of cat-and-mouse to draw Harrigan to him. Harrigan eventually kills the City Hunter. Over the course of Predator 2 , a lot of advance Yautja technology is introduced because it's part of the City Hunter's arsenal, including a Plasmacaster, Netgun, Combistick, and Smart Disc, as well as a Wrist Gauntlet with a self-destruct mode, a short-range energy projector, and communication device.
It's also established in Predator 2 that Predators have had previous contact and conflict with the Xenomorphs, the aliens first seen in Alien. In P redator 2 , there's more than one Predator that comes to Los Angeles. The City Hunter may have been the leader but he brought with him an entire gang of Yautja as back-up.
They're responsible for overseeing the City Hunter, eventually retrieving his body after he is killed by Harrigan. It's notable that the gang of Predators led by the City Hunter stayed on the ship for a majority of the Predator 2. When the finally showed up, they did not attack Harrigan, who had chased the City Hunter back to his ship and killed him. Instead, the Predator gang gave Harrigan a trophy, an antique flintlock pistol, for killing the City Hunter. The gang then took the City Hunter's body back to Yautja Prime.
The Ancient Predator was first seen in Alien vs. The same year fans caught a brief glimpse of a Xenomorph skull in Predator 2 , Fox — which owned the Alien franchise as well as the Predator movies — licensed a series of crossover comics tie-ins that eventually led to the film Alien vs.
Predator , in which it's revealed that the Predator species arrived in ancient Egypt and helped humans construct the pyramids. In exchange, the people provided sacrifices as hosts for the Xenomorphs so that the Predators could routinely return to Earth to hunt them as some kind of twisted rite of passage.
Alien vs. Predator was followed by a sequel, Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem , but there's an ongoing debate over whether these films count as canon for either franchise. When Ridley Scott returned to the Alien franchise for the prequels Prometheus and Alien: Covenant , he ignored the AvP story of the Xenomorphs — but the Predator franchise seemed unaffected by that, and made winks to the crossover films as late as 's The Predator.
Either way, Predators have a storied history in comic books and other extended material, and the Alien crossovers make up a big part of that history. Regardless of the disagreement over whether the films actually happened in each respective universe, since the people behind Alien are the ones brushing off the crossover movies and not the people behind Predator , they definitely count for our purposes here. In , a group of scientists led by industrial tycoon Charles Bishop Weyland discovers an underground pyramid some feet beneath the ice in Norway.
He leads the team on an exploratory mission just as a trio of Predators arrive at the entrance to the pyramid. Through their exploration, they learn that the Predator species created the Xenomorphs for the ultimate hunt every years. Allowing Weyland's team to find it was their clever way of providing hosts for the creatures to spawn in.
The movie, though not well received, provides perhaps the biggest glimpse into the culture and the purpose of the Predators, revealing that early humans worshiped them as gods and willingly allowed the Xenomorphs to spread across the galaxy. It's also heavily implied that the hunt every years is a rite of passage for elite hunters of the species.
Two of the trio sent on the hunt die quickly while one manages to eradicate this century's Xenomorph threat by befriending a tough-as-nails woman named Alexa Woods. However, it succumbs to its injuries shortly after battling the Queen. As a slew of Predators that had been surveying the conflict appear, they too offer her a weapon as a trophy for her successful fight and leave with their fallen comrade, presumably back to their planet.
Predator: Requiem picks up right after the events of AvP. With a hybrid onboard hereby known as the "Predalien" , the ship doesn't last long and crash-lands in Colorado. A lone survivor sends a signal to the Predator home world warning them that the Xenomorph threat persists. One hunter takes it upon himself to go to Earth and eliminate them. Unfortunately, the sequel focuses heavily on the members of the small Colorado town where the Predator and Predalien have their conflict.
As a result, it doesn't do much to further the story of the species other than to highlight the lengths the Predators will go to in order to claim victory over the Xenomorphs. The movie concludes with the Predator facing off against the Predalien in single combat.
Both of them inflict mortal wounds on the other before the government drops a tactical nuke on the small town that's now overrun with aliens. Seeing the level of awareness that the U. The film ends with the Predator's plasma blaster falling into the hands of Weyland's corporate partner, Yutani, who declares that the world simply isn't ready for this kind of technology to be unleashed on human beings.
Set days before Halloween in , The Predator kicks off as a group of soldiers is attacked by a Predator during a mission on foreign soil. The major distinguishing difference between parasitoids and predators is that parasitoids feed on living tissue, whereas the predator kills its prey before, or in the process of, consuming it.
For all parasites, the host exists as an island of habitat. But the island lives for a finite period of time, and the parasites must find a new host before the existing one dies. Transmission to a new host can happen either directly, or through a vector.
In direct transmission, the parasite moves from one host to another of the same species without an intermediate organism. In vector transmission, an intermediate organism, the vector, transfers the parasite from one host to the next. Figure 5: Complex life cycle of the Plasmodium parasite The life cycle requires both the primary human host and the intermediate Anopheles mosquito host for completion.
Many endoparasites have a complex life cycle that involves two hosts, and the parasite must spend time in both to complete its life cycle. Take, for example, the protozoan parasite Plasmodium , which causes malaria. Plasmodium must spend time in humans and in an Anopheles mosquito to complete its life cycle. The mosquito acts as a vector, transferring Plasmodium from infected humans to uninfected individuals.
Additionally, the mosquito acts as an intermediate host. When a female mosquito ingests blood containing Plasmodium , some of the red blood cells contain gametes eggs and sperm. It is this life stage that can then go on to infect a new human when the mosquito feeds Figure 5. Coley, P. Herbivory and plant defenses in tropical forests.
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 27, Dawkins, R. Arms races between and within species. Ferron, P. Biological control of insect pests by entomogenous fungi. Annual Reviews of Entomology 23, Roy, H. Bizarre interactions and endgames: entomopathic fungi and their arthropod hosts. Annual Review of Entomology 51, Predation, Herbivory, and Parasitism.
Characterizing Communities. Species with a Large Impact on Community Structure. Successional Changes in Communities. Effects of Biogeography on Community Diversity. Community Ecology Introduction. Avian Egg Coloration and Visual Ecology. Causes and Consequences of Biodiversity Declines. Disease Ecology. The Ecology of Avian Brood Parasitism. Elemental Defenses of Plants by Metals.
The Maintenance of Species Diversity. Neutral Theory of Species Diversity. Abiotically-Mediated Direct and Indirect Effects. Biological Stoichiometry. Sampling Biological Communities. Succession: A Closer Look. Dynamics of Predation. Ecological Consequences of Parasitism. Resource Partitioning and Why It Matters. Direct and Indirect Interactions. Keystone Species. Citation: Stevens, A. Nature Education Knowledge 3 10
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